<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nami</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды НАМИ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Trudy NAMI</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0135-3152</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГУП «НАМИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">AIPWTJ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nami-399</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АВТОМОБИЛЕСТРОЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>AUTOMOBILE DEVELOPMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Алгоритм сглаживания траектории движения  беспилотного транспортного средства на основе квадратичной оптимизации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Quadratic optimization-based algorithm for driverless  vehicle path smoothing</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беляков</surname><given-names>Ф. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belyakov</surname><given-names>F. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Беляков Фёдор Юрьевич – аспирант. </p><p>г. Москва 125438</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Belyakov F.Yu. – postgraduate</p><p>Moscow 125438</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fedor.belyakov@nami.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евграфов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evgrafov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евграфов Владимир Владимирович – канд. физ.-мат. наук, директор Центра интеллектуальных систем</p><p>г. Москва 125438</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Evgrafov V.V. – PhD (Phys-Math), director of the Center for intelligent systems</p><p>Moscow 125438</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimir.evgrafov@nami.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ ФГУП «НАМИ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute”  (FSUE “NAMI”)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Беляков Ф.Ю., Евграфов В.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Беляков Ф.Ю., Евграфов В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belyakov F.Y., Evgrafov V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nami.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/399">https://nami.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/399</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение (постановка задачи и актуальность). При генерации траектории движения беспилотного транспортного средства (БТС) общепринятой практикой считается разбиение этого процесса на два этапа – поиск по графу и многокритериальная оптимизация с объездом препятствий. Перед началом второго этапа траекторию из поиска по графу необходимо предварительно сгладить, чтобы уменьшить противоречие между весами кривизной и ошибкой следования референсной траектории.</p><p> Цель исследования – разработать алгоритм сглаживания траектории БТС с возможностью интуитивно понятного регулирования таких параметров, как отклонение от референсной траектории, кривизна и скорость изменения кривизны траектории.</p><p> Методология и методы. Для решения задачи применяется метод аналитического конструирования алгоритма сглаживания траектории, основанный на использовании необходимых условий минимизации функционала для синтеза закона сглаживания.</p><p> Результаты и научная новизна. Разработан алгоритм сглаживания траектории движения БТС, позволяющий регулировать отклонение от референсной траектории, кривизну и скорость изменения кривизны выходной траектории. Практическая значимость. Предложенный алгоритм может быть использован для сглаживания траектории, полученной в ходе поиска по графу, для дальнейшего использования при генерации траектории с учётом объезда препятствий.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction (problem statement and relevance). When generating a driverless vehicle (DV) path or trajectory, the standard practice is to split the process in 2 stages – graph search and multi-objective optimization with obstacle avoidance. Before launching the second stage, the trajectory obtained through graph search needs to be smoothed preliminary in order to reduce contradiction between curvature significance and reference path following error significance.</p><p>The purpose of the study is to develop an algorithm for driverless vehicle path smoothing with possibility of intuitively clear adjustment of such parameters as deviation from reference path, path curvature and curvature change speed.</p><p> Methodology and research methods. To solve the problem, the method of analytical design is used for the path smoothing algorithm, which is based on using necessary function minimization conditions in order to synthesize the smoothing law.</p><p> Scientific novelty and results. An algorithm was developed for driverless vehicle path smoothing, which allows adjustment of deviation from the reference path, output path curvature and curvature change speed.</p><p>Practical significance. The proposed algorithm can be used to smooth the path obtained as a result of graph search for further use in path generation taking into account obstacle avoidance.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>беспилотные автомобили</kwd><kwd>планирование пути</kwd><kwd>траектория движения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>driverless vehicles</kwd><kwd>path planning</kwd><kwd>driving trajectory</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Купреенко А.И., Исаев Х.М., Михайличен ко С.М. Автономные системы вождения / Инновации и технологический прорыв в АПК: сб. науч. трудов Международной научно-практической конференции. Ч. 2. – Брянск: Брянский государственный аграрный университет, 2020. – С. 249–254. EDN: BCTXNQ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kupreenko A.I., Isaev Kh.M., Mikhaylichenko S.M. [Autonomous driving systems]. [In innovations and technological breakthrough in the agro-industrial complex: proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference]. Bryansk, Bryanskiy gosudarstvennyy agrarnyy universitet Publ., 2020, part 2, pp. 249–254. EDN: BCTXNQ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheuer A., Fraichard T. Planning continuous curvature paths for car-like robots / IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. – 1996. – P. 1304–1311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheuer A., Fraichard T. Planning continuous-curvature paths for car-like robots. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Osaka, Japan, 1996, рр. 1304–1311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buznikov S.E., Evgrafov V.V., Saykin A.M. Structuring tasks of control over driverless vehicles within intelligent transport systems // Journal of Physics: Conference Series International Conference on Actual Issues of Mechanical Engineering, AIME 2021. – 2021. – P. 012093. EDN: TDOPWF.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buznikov S.E., Evgrafov V.V., Saykin A.M. Structuring tasks of control over driverless vehicles within intelligent transport systems. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. International Conference on Actual Issues of Mechanical Engineering, AIME, 2021, р. 012093. EDN: TDOPWF.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Endachev D.V., Bakhmutov S.V., Evgrafov V.V., Mezentsev N.P., Ryazantsev V.A., Khorychev A.A., Yusupov D.T. Implementation of modern approaches to development and testing of advanced driver assistance systems, including driverless systems // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. International Conference on Actual Issues of Mechanical Engineering, AIME 2021. – 2021. – Р. 012121. EDN: OONMZB.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Endachev D.V., Bakhmutov S.V., Evgrafov V.V., Mezentsev N.P., Ryazantsev V.A., Khorychev A.A., Yusupov D.T. Implementation of modern approaches to development and testing of advanced driver assistance systems, including driverless systems. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. International Conference on Actual Issues of Mechanical Engineering, AIME, 2021, р. 012121. EDN: OONMZB.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dubins L.E. On curves of minimal length with a constraint on average curvature, and with prescribed initial and terminal positions and tangents // Аmerican journal of mathematics. – 1957. – V. 79. – No. 3. – P. 497–516.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dubins L.E. On curves of minimal length with a constraint on average curvature, and with prescribed initial and terminal positions and tangents. American Journal of Mathematics, 1957, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 497–516.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Евграфов В.В. Динамика и управление движением колёсных роботов: автореферат дис... канд. физ.мат. наук. – М.: МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, 2008. – 15 с. URL: https://new-disser.ru/_avtoreferats/01003420648.pdf (дата обращения: 14.08.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evgrafov V.V. [System dynamics and control of whee led robots. Cand. phys. and math. sci. abstr. diss.]. Moscow, 2008. 15 p. Available at: https://new-disser.ru/_ vtoreferats/01003420648.pdf (accessed 14 August 2023). (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheuer A., Fraichard T. Continuous-curvature path planning for car-like vehicles / IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. – 1997. – P. 997–1003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheuer A., Fraichard T. Continuous-curvature path planning for car-like vehicles. IEEE International Confe rence on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 1997, рp. 997–1003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fraichard T., Scheuer A. From reeds and shepps to continuous-curvature paths // IEEE Transactions on Robotics. – 2004. – V. 20. – No. 6. – P. 1025–1035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fraichard T., Scheuer A. From reeds and shepps to continuous-curvature paths. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 2004, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1025–1035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakolas E., Tsiotras P. On the generation of nearly optimal, planar paths of bounded curvature and bounded curvature gradient // Proceedings of the American Control Conference. – 2009. – P. 385–390.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakolas E., Tsiotras P. On the generation of nearly optimal, planar paths of bounded curvature and bounded curvature gradient. American Control Conference, St. Louis, MO, 2009, pp. 385–390.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piazzi A., Bianco C.G.L., Romano M. η³-splines for the smooth path generation of wheeled mobile robots // IEEE Transactions on Robotics. – 2007. – V. 23. – No. 5. – P. 1089–1095.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piazzi A., Bianco C.G.L., Romano M. η³-splines for the smooth path generation of wheeled mobile robots. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 2007, vol. 23 no. 5, pp. 1089–1095.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Modin K., Bogfjellmo G., Verdier O. A numerical algorithm for c²-splines on symmetric spaces. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.09589 (дата обращения: 27.06.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Modin K., Bogfjellmo G., Verdier O. A numerical algorithm for c²-splines on symmetric spaces. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.09589 (accessed 27 June 2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stellato B., Banjac G., Goulart P., Bemporad A., Boyd S. OSQP: An operator splitting solver for quadratic programs // Mathematical Programming Computation. – 2020. – V. 12. – No. 4. – P. 637–672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stellato B., Banjac G., Goulart P., Bemporad A., Boyd S. OSQP: An operator splitting solver for quadratic programs. Mathematical Programming Computation, 2020, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 637–672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
