Variants of approaches to extend the cruising range of electrified vehicles, and their technical and economic assessment

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Nowadays, automobile or road transport is one of the major sources of environmental pollution. Internal combustion engine (ICE) exhaust gases contain ca. 200 different components, most of which are toxic. Their stay time lasts from 2–3 minutes to 4–5 years. Improving the energy efficiency of vehicles is an important part of the world’s challenge to globally reduce the human impact on climate change. As a permanent member of different international organizations, the Russian Federation directly participates in relevant international agreements and treaties.
The purpose of the study is detailed analysis and critical assessment of existing variants of approaches to extend the cruising range of electrified vehicles (EV) without any use of any stationary charging infrastructure, as well as studying different stimulation mechanisms for electric and hybrid vehicles (HV) purchase, both financial direct ones (benefits and subsidies for purchase) and indirect ones (free parking, free passage on toll roads), as well as non-financial ones giving certain preferences during EV and HV operation.
Methodology and research methods used in the scientific paper are based on fundamentals of the vehicle theory, methods of engineering analysis.
Scientific novelty and results. The development of EVs and HVs has been analyzed. Various mechanisms to stimulate purchasing of EVs and HVs have been investigated. The technical and economic (feasibility) assessment of different types of vehicles is shown.
The practical significance consists in the results of the scientifically based critical assessment of the existing approaches to EV range extension. The obtained results and recommendations are aimed at promoting and popularization of EVs and HVs in the Russian Federation.

1. Meaning of metropolis in the Cambridge English Dictionary. Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ (accessed 29 June 2023).

2. [A quarter of all electric vehicles in Russia are in Moscow. Autostat]. Available at: https://www.autostat.ru/infographics/57007/ (accessed 05 March 2024). (In Russian)

3. [Moskvich and Evolute entered the top three leaders of the new electric vehicle market in January. Autostat]. Available at: https://www.autostat.ru/infographics/56783/?ysclid=ltprxn4kss69072725 (accessed 13 March 2024). (In Russian)

4. Karpukhin K.E. [Synthesis of approaches aimed at extension of the electric vehicle cruising range on a single charge. Russian Federation experience]. Trudy NAMI, 2023, no. 2 (293), pp. 73–83. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2023-2-73-83. EDN: TYHRHT. (In Russian)

5. Synak F., Kucera M., Skrucany T. Assessing the energy efficiency of an electric car. Article in communications – scientific letters of the University of Zilina. October 2020. DOI: 10.26552/com.C.2021.1.A1-A13.

6. Bakhmutov S.V., Gaysin S.V., Karpukhin K.E., Terenchenko A.S., Kurmaev R.Kh., Zinov’ev E.V. [Method for increase of energy efficiency of electromobile transport]. Zhurnal avtomobil’nykh inzhenerov, 2015, no. 4 (93), pp. 4–10. EDN: VHRZWR. (In Russian)

7. Kulikov I.A., Shorin A.A., Bakhmutov S.V., Terenchenko A.S., Karpukhin K.E. A method of powertrain’s components sizing for a Range Extended electric vehicle. SAE Technical Papers, no. 2016-01-8096.

8. International Energy Agency. Hybrid and Electric Vehicles. The Electric Drive Delivers, 2015.

9. Xu Z. Hydrogen fuel-cell technology in electric vehicles: current usage, materials and future applications. Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology, 2022. DOI: 10.54097/hset.v17i.2432.

10. [Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated May 25, 2022 No. AK-131-r “On approval of methodological recommendations for stimulating the use of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation”]. (In Russian)

11. Kohn E., Huang C., Kong N., Hardman S. Electric vehicle incentives in 15 leading Electric vehicle markets. UCDAVIS: PHEV, 2022, January. Available at: https:// escholarship.org/content/qt0tn2p4x6/qt0tn2p4x6.pdf (accessed 31 January 2024).

12. [Moskvich]. Available at: https://moskvich.ru/ (accessed 04 October 2024). (In Russian)

13. Bialaszewski Т. What is the lifespan of a vehicle in the USA? Junk Car Medics, 15 July 2024.

14. [Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated March 14, 2008 no. AM-23-r on the introduction of methodological recommendations “Fuel and lubricant consumption standards in road transport” (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated May 14, 2014 no. NA-50-r, dated July 14, 2015 no. NA-80-r, dated April 6, 2018 no. NA-51-r, dated September 20, 2018 no. IA-159-r, dated September 30, 2021 no. VD-196-r)]. (In Russian)

15. DSM GreenPower. Available at: https://dsmgreenpower.com/en/web/index (accessed 04 October 2024).

16. Cowboy State Daily. Available at: https://cowboystatedaily.com (accessed 14 February 2025).

17. Michelin. Available at: www.michelin.com/en/(accessed 14 February 2025).