Gasoline engines: development trends

The article provides an analytical overview of promising technical solutions for gasoline engines of motor vehicles which is aimed at a significant reduction in fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions of the exhaust gases. It is shown that the main development trend gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) of a conventional vehicle is the growth of turbocharge use, accompanied by an increase in specific power and a decrease in the ICE dimension, as well as by the decrease of fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions preserving at the same time vehicle speed characteristics. The main tendency in improving the efficiency of the ICE is to increase the expansion (compression) ratio up to 13-15 units. To solve the problems of combustion detonation in the near future it is expected to expand and improve the existing technologies (gasoline direct injection, adjustable valve drive, vortex control), as well as to develop new technologies (Miller cycle, variable compression ratio, recirculation of cooled exhaust gases). The ways to improve the gasoline ICE hybrids depend on the degree of electrification of the actuator. With a relatively low degree of electrification of the ICE it is expected to improve starting and vibroacoustics efficiency together with the rise of efficiency by measures characteristic for conventional ICE. The higher the degree of electrification, the more important power, vibroacoustics, size and cost of the engine, while its structure and optimum control provide its high general efficiency. In the long term (after 2025) the probable direction of the further efficiency increase of ICE may be the realization of a lean homogeneous mixture combustion in the low-temperature combustion mode. The implementation of this tendency will depend on the success in the development of efficient and low-cost NO_x reduction technologies of lean burn products, as well as the use of high-speed and self-learning controlling systems.

gasoline engine, CO₂, fuel consumption, gasoline direct injection, turbocharge, compression ratio, detonation

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