Analysis of vehicles electrical drive development trends

The article gives an analytical review of the current state, problems and trends in the development of various technologies for electric and hybrid power drive of vehicles. It is shown that modern vehicles with electric and hybrid power drives are hardly inferior to traditional vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE) in high-speed qualities, are far superior in their environmental performance (especially in reducing CO₂ emissions) and energy efficiency indicators, but are costly and have less electric driving reserve. The most efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles are Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEV), while the cheapest simplest vehicles are Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). In recent years, there has been observed a sharp increase in the development pace of BEV and PHEV, though it was restrained by the effect of cost, limited power reserve, insufficient development of charging infrastructure and obtaining electricity from renewable and low-carbon sources. It was shown that accelerated electrification was based, on the one hand, on the rapid improvement of characteristics and the reduction in the cost of the drive (primarily lithium-ion batteries) due to its improvement and development of mass production, and on the other hand, on the growth of the price of advanced ICE. The most activity is demonstrated by the European Union, which plans to cover half of the vehicle market with new electric vehicles by 2030, and which promises to fill the entire market with electric vehicles by 2050. The article gives an analysis of the problems associated with the use of hybrid and electric power drive on passenger vehicles and the trends in its development, as well as offers on the direction of developments in the field of electric power drive for vehicles in Russia.

electric power drive, hybrid power drive, internal combustion engine, CO₂, fuel consumption, power, power reserve, battery (accumulator), fuel cells

1. Miller J., Du L., Kodjak D. Impacts of World-Class Vehicle Efficiency and Emission Regulations in Select G20 Countries // ICCT, Briefing Paper, January. - 2017. - P. 1-16.

2. A European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility // European Commission Brussels, 20.7.2016, COM (2016) 501 final. - P. 1-12.

3. The Paris Agreement. United Nations. URL: unfccc. int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php (дата обращения: 19.04.2018).

4. Глобальное потепление. URL: https://ru.wikipedia. org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0% B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_ %D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0 %BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5 (дата обращения: 19.04.2018).

5. Yang Z., Bandivdekar A. LDV Greenhouse Gas and Fuel Economy Standards: 2017 Global Update // ICCT. - 2017. - P. 1-31.

6. Кутенёв В.Ф., Сонкин В.И. Бензиновые двигатели: тенденции развития // Труды НАМИ. - 2017. - № 1 (268). - C. 6-21.

7. Lutsey N., Meszler D., Insenstadt A., German J., Miller J. Efficiency Technology and Cost Assessment for U.S. 2025-2030 Light-Duty Vehicles // ICCT, Paper White. - March 2017. - P. 1-27.

8. Proposal for Post-2020 CO2 Targets for Cars and Vans. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/ vehicles/proposal_en (дата обращения: 19.04.2018).

9. Lewney R. Low-carbon cars in Europe: A SocioEconomic Assessment. - Cambridge Econometrics, Final Report, 19.02.2018. - 102 p.

10. Harrison P. Fuelling Europe’s Future. How the Transition from Oil Strengthens the Economy // Summary Report. - 2018. - 27 p.

11. Fergusson M. Electric Vehicles in Europe - 2016. Approaching adolescence. - Published by Transport & Environment. - 2016. - P. 1-37. URL: https://www.transporten-vironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/TE%20EV%20Re-port%202016%20FINAL.pdf (дата обращения: 19.04.2018).

12. Evans J. True lies? // Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology International. - January 2018. - P. 6-10.

13. Catalogue of “Automobile revue”. - Berne, 2011, 2017. - 594 p.

14. Electric vehicles in Europe // EEA Report. -Luxembourg, No. 20/2016. - 73 p.

15. Davis S.C., Williams S.E., Boundy R.G., Moore S. 2016 Vehicle Technologies Market Report. - ORNL/TM-2017/238. - 2017. - 206 p.

16. Барзуков С.Н., Гуськов А.В., Зиновьев У.В., Шиганов Д.А., Шорин А.А., Эйдинов А.А. Накопители электрической энергии для автотранспортных средств с комбинированными энергоустановками // Труды НАМИ. - 2013. - № 252. - С. 62-80.

17. Hoppe W.-D., Schmitz K. Electric mobility at a crossroads // Automotive Megatrends Magazine. - Q4. -2015. - P. 57-59.

18. Wolfram P., Lutsey N. Electric vehicles: Literature review of technology costs and carbon emissions. ICCT. Working Paper. - 2016-14. - P. 1-23.

19. Kromer M.A., Heywood J.B. Electric Powertrains: Opportunities and Challenges in the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Fleet // Massachusetts Institute of Technology. -Publication No. LFEE 2007-03 RP. - May 2007. - 153 p.

20. Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure // Official Journal of the European Union. - 28.10.2014.