О контроле выбросов вредных веществ от автомобильного транспорта

Введение (постановка задачи и актуальность). Выбросы вредных веществ в атмосферу автомобилями составляют около трети от суммарных антропогенных выбросов. Действующая система контроля не даёт достоверной информации об их реальных объёмах. Для повышения эффективности мониторинга и снижения выбросов от эксплуатируемых автомобилей необходимо внедрять подходы, основанные на современных методах измерения выбросов вредных веществ. Цель исследования – анализ системы контроля и методов измерения выбросов вредных веществ автомобилями, находящимися в эксплуатации; разработка предложений для снижения выбросов загрязнителей автомобильным парком.

Методология и методы. Анализ действующей системы контроля и современных методов измерения выбросов вредных веществ.

Результаты и научная новизна. Показано, что существующая система контроля не даёт достоверной информации о выбросах вредных веществ. Рассмотрены неинтрузивные методы измерения выбросов загрязнителей в газовом шлейфе, образующемся за движущимся автомобилем при смешении отработавших газов и воздуха. Неинтрузивные методы реализуются без воздействия на выпускной тракт автомобиля и на транспортный поток, обладают низкой стоимостью, чрезвычайно высокой производительностью и эффективны при обнаружении так называемых «суперисточников» – транспортных средств с наиболее высоким уровнем выбросов. Продемонстрировано, что идентификация суперисточников и предотвращение выбросов от них являются действенными способами для снижения выбросов от автомобильного парка в целом, и показывают бóльшую эффективность, чем ужесточение требований к выбросам новых автомобилей.

Практическая значимость. Неинтрузивные методы предоставляют возможности для эффективного мониторинга выбросов вредных веществ в диапазоне от отдельного транспортного средства до автомобильного парка в целом и могут быть легко встроены в существующую систему контроля.

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