Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The environmental requirements for vehicle engines becoming more stringent require development and introduction of high-performance turbo chargers. Transition from external to internal varying, namely to the variable nozzles of the turbine, is caused by the necessity to reduce the transient process time during operation of the engine and the vehicle itself.
The purpose of the study is development and confi rmation of the methodology (general strategy) for designing and modernization of radial-axial turbines with variable nozzles.
Methodology and research methods. The study used the combination of calculation models for the engine itself with preliminary verifi cation based on the results of tests on the engine test bench (AVL BOOST, CRUISE M), gas-dynamic calculation of the turbine stage with determination of geometric parameters of the blade ring, housing (volute) and blade drive mechanism, their geometric modeling (Siemens NX) followed by 3D models export, CFD simulation of the stage fl ow including taking into account the transfer element (with impeller rotation) and generation of the stage curves (AVL FIRE).
Scientific novelty and results. Combination (synthesis) of calculation models of different levels makes it possible to determine geometric parameters of the turbocharger turbine with variable nozzles providing high effi ciency (performance factor) of the turbine stage with a simultaneous shift of the maximum torque mode of the engine itself to the area of lower crankshaft rotation rate (along the full-load curve).
Practical signifi cance of the paper consists in reduction of the time of design and subsequent refi nement (experimental) works during creation and modernization of turbines with variable nozzles of small-sized turbochargers. The obtained values of relative geometric parameters can be used at the design stage

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The notion of “charge coeffi cient” used only by the engine building specialists has a number of signifi cant disadvantages, since this coeffi cient characterizes not the charge as such, but only its deterioration. In particular, it is impossible to specify its limit value, at which the maximum engine power is achieved.
The purpose of the study is to search for a parameter alternative to the charge coeffi cient and quantitatively determining the charge degree of the total cylinder volume with the incoming charge. The parameter shall unambiguously estimate the charge reserves and the limit value one shall aim at in order to achieve the maximum engine power with no incoming charge losses as a result of scavenging.
Methodology and research methods. In order to solve the assigned task, thermodynamic analysis of gas exchange results was used, on the basis of the ratios of the components of the resulting air-fuel mixture.
Scientifi c novelty and results. The paper proves that the charge is unambiguously characterized by the basic technical notion of a proportion – a proportion of incoming charge σСЗ in the air-fuel mixture. Accordingly, the proportion of residual gases representing diff erence σr= 1 σСЗ allows estimating the degree of internal recirculation and, on the other hand, characterizes the charge reserves.
Practical signifi cance. The suggested approach allows taking into account the infl uence of the used fuel type (its molar weight), external recirculation and (variable) valve timing on the charge. Thus, it is possible to relate the charging up coeffi cient to the purifi cation coeffi cient as well as to decrease the number of independent variables when conducting thermal calculation of the operating cycle of the reciprocating internal combustion engine, which ultimately simplifi es its performance.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). At low vehicle driving speeds, when the ram airfl ow is minimal or completely absent, the airfl ow created by the radiator fan is of high importance for the heat removal. In this paper, the airfl ow through the radiator created by the radiator fan was used as a criterion of the heat removal effi ciency, which is calculated from the pressure drop in the radiator for various fan speeds. The possibility of increasing the airfl ow through the radiator by increasing the distance between the fan and the radiator through improvement of the casing design was considered.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the infl uence of the radiator casing design on the heat removal effi ciency of the cooling system radiator.
Methodology and research methods. The static pressure created at diff erent fan speeds was defi ned at the radiator inlet and outlet in 32 points (16 on each side) using the air pressure probes. The pressure readings were recorded using a 64-channel pressure scanner.
Scientifi c novelty and results. The paper deals with research into the infl uence of the distance between the fan and the cooling system radiator surface on the heat removal effi ciency by increasing of the airfl ow through the cooling system radiator. The results of the experiment to determine the optimal distance between the radiator and the fan for various rotational speeds are presented.
Practical signifi cance. The value of the distance between the fan and the radiator was determined, which makes it possible to achieve an increase in the airfl ow through the radiator due to more uniform distribution of the airfl ow created by the fan mounted on the radiator casing over the radiator surface

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). A great deal of attention is paid to the problem of increasing the effi ciency of automatic control of glass fogging. Hundreds of research and studies have been carried out, and a great deal of papers by American, Japanese, Korean, European, Chinese, Iranian and other authors have been published within this topic. The ability of the vehicle HVAC system to automatically detect and prevent potential windscreen fogging improves safety. Less obvious is that it allows reduction of energy costs (prevention of fogging is more energy saving than removal of condensate) and also wider use of the means available in the vehicle, the usage of which usually leads to fogging problems. The paper describes the principles of automatic prevention of windscreen fogging by means of the vehicle HVAC system when driving. It also considers the strategies of early forecasting of fogging and automatic prevention of condensation that are comfortable for the driver and passengers.
The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of automatic control of windscreen fogging by means of the vehicle HVAC system.
Methodology and research methods. Study of methods to assess the risk of vehicle glass fogging and to prevent it automatically. Analysis of the related scientifi c literature, technical documentation and materials published in open sources; bench experiments and fi eld tests.
Scientific novelty and results. Automatic operation of the HVAC system in the vehicle windscreen fogging prevention mode when driving was considered. The scientific novelty consists in the suggested method of forecasting the risk of fogging and advanced control including simplifi ed calculation of the air dew point in the cabin, digital extrapolation of the risk level and corresponding advanced stage-by-stage correction of the HVAC system actuator control signals ensuring prevention of possible fogging.
Practical signifi cance. Preliminary checking under the winter field test conditions has shown the efficiency of the proposed method of windscreen fogging prevention compared to the typical way of controlling the risk of fogging. Further research is planned to obtain quantitative indicators of efficiency and economy of the proposed method.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Ensuring safety of road vehicles is a relevant problem. It is particularly applicable to the road construction machinery. The paper presents an algorithm that allows obtaining the most accurate results of calculations according to the procedure described in GOST R ISO 3471 (ROPS): Earth-moving machinery. Roll-over protective structures. Technical requirements and laboratory tests.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the stress-strain behavior (SSB) of a structure of a utility platform taking into account residual stresses, strains and relaxation of the structure under multiple loads according to the roll-over safety requirements for earth-moving machinery.
Methodology and research methods. The paper presents a skid-steer loader cabin model created in a fi nite element analysis program to perform the strength calculations. The comparative assessment was performed based on the results of a full-scale experiment carried out on a real structure and of virtual simulations. The research object is a skid-steer loader cabin. The research subject is the design methods for vehicle load-bearing structures and their use taking into account operating conditions.
Scientific novelty and results. An algorithm has been created which takes into account residual stresses, strains and relaxation of the structure for further loading and allowing reduction of a displacement calculation error for a utility platform from 84.5 to 4.5%. The internal energy reached under vertical load is 426% higher, while for the longitudinal load case it is 14.6% higher, than for the option not taking into account residual stresses and strains.
Practical signifi cance. The proposed algorithm allows considering the requirements of GOST R ISO 3471 regarding prevention of structure readjustment or repair between loadings, which is an actual operating mode.

Electrifi cation of motor vehicles is one of the most discussed and relevant issues of the modern society. Is it really the way to perfection and harmonization of coexistence of human civilization and nature? Should Russia follow the road that Europe is paving? Or do we as usual have our own unique way? Are there any objective prerequisites for sensitive changes for us, Russian citizens, in the energy sector, transport infrastructure and, as a result, in the life of our society? The paper contains a comparative analysis of various vehicle electrifi cation scenarios in Russia and shows that the energy and environmental effi ciency of vehicle electrifi cation considerably depends on the type of electric energy used for electrifi cation. The key goal of the energy transition, which is to limit the greenhouse gases emissions, can be achieved only by means of non-carbon electric power generation. The authors studied 20 variants of electrifi cation of an average passenger vehicle with various electric power generation quality (electric power generating systems’ carbon footprint) and diverse power units – pure electric (BEV), hybrid (HEV and PHEV), fuel cells (FC), with diff erent types of primary power sources, and concluded that, fi rst, the role of hydrogen as vehicle fuel is vastly overestimated; second, it is rather hydrogen derivatives such as e-fuels that have brighter prospects to be used in transport; and, third, besides BEV, the urban niche of which is long and quite reasonably predefi ned, PHEV-type vehicles can be the most effi cient in terms of both customer requirements for the quality of mobility and social requirements for environmental effi ciency of the vehicles on the whole.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). One of the major tasks when autonomous vehicle motion implementing is control over the vehicle actuating mechanisms to complete the requests from the controllers responsible for the motion trajectory planning. Currently, the longitudinal dynamics control is performed by controlling the torque on the wheels from the power unit and braking system, while the lateral control is performed through steering control. The paper considers the existing approaches to motion control for vehicles of diff erent automation levels and diff erent types of controllers with their advantages and disadvantages.
The purpose of the study is to conduct the analytical review of the approaches being used to control longitudinal and lateral dynamics of an autonomous vehicle, to compare the regularities and logic of the solutions being used and the vehicle theory, and to specify the main issues and problems of autonomous vehicle dynamics control.
Methodology and research methods. Analytical research method: analysis of domestic and foreign technical literature suggesting the approaches to control autonomous vehicle actuating mechanisms.
Scientifi c novelty and results. Analysis of the approaches when forming the algorithms to control autonomous vehicle actuating mechanisms has been performed and the regularities and logic of solutions being used and the vehicle theory have been compared. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion has been made that there are no approaches of controller synthesis to control actuating mechanisms of a highly automated vehicle, the structure of which is theoretically substantiated when solving the control problem taking into account the vehicle theory, optimal control principles and adaptive control principles.
Practical signifi cance. The research results can be used when setting the task to develop lower level control systems using the quality functional where the controller synthesis is made following the results of solving the control task based on the vehicle theory, optimal control principles and adaptive control principles, and the controller structure is theoretically substantiated.