Problematic issues of urban atmosphere pollution by the vehicle exhaust gases have been successfully resolved by means of international legislation. However, the level of pollution with other harmful substances from emissions with crankcase blow-by gases and from tyre and asphalt and gravel roadway wear continues to increase with the growth of the vehicle fleet. The article considers the existing issues and the possible ways of their solution.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). A significant part of transportation in the Russian Federation takes place on dirt and soil roads and terrain. This raises the challenge of selecting tyres that are most suitable for the given operating conditions. One of the fairly simple ways to select basic tyre parameters is research in stationary laboratory complexes (SLC).

The purpose of the study is to carry out an analytical review of designs of modern SLC for studying the interaction of wheeled running gears with bearing surface (BS), and to develop the SLC classification for rational selection of their type when conducting research.

Methodology and research methods. The article provides analysis of bench studies of the interaction of wheeled running gears with BS based on domestic and international materials.

Scientific novelty and results. The article provides an analytical review of the architecture of modern SLC simulating different BS types, and proposes a classification of laboratory complexes for studying the interaction of running gears and their models with BS.

Practical significance. The article presents key issues in researching wheeled running gears using SLC, and proposes a rational choice of the specified complexes for conducting research on the interaction of wheeled running gears with BS.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Hazardous substances emissions into the atmosphere from the vehicles account for approximately one third of total anthropogenic emissions. The current control system does not provide reliable information about their actual volumes. It is necessary to introduce the approaches based on modern methods of hazardous substances emissions measurements in order to improve monitoring effectiveness and to reduce emissions from the vehicles in operation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the control system and methods of measurement of hazardous substances emissions from the vehicles in operation; to develop proposals for reduction of pollutant emissions from the vehicle fleet.

Methodology and research methods. Analysis of the current control system and modern methods of hazardous substances emissions measurement.

Scientific novelty and results. It is shown that the current control system does not provide reliable information about hazardous substances emissions. Non-intrusive methods of pollutant emissions measurement in the exhaust plume formed behind a moving vehicle as exhaust gases mix with air are considered. The non-intrusive methods are implemented without impacting the vehicle exhaust gas tract and the traffic flow; they are low-cost, have exceptionally high performance, and are effective in detecting so-called “super-emitters” – vehicles with the highest level of emissions. It is shown that identifying super-emitters and preventing emissions from them are effective methods for reducing overall vehicle fleet emissions and show more efficiency, than toughening of emission requirements for new vehicles.

Practical significance. The non-intrusive methods provide opportunities for effective monitoring of the hazardous substances emissions within the range from an individual vehicle to the entire vehicle fleet, and can be easily integrated into the existing control system.

The second part contains the continuation of the article published in the previous issue. This part is mainly devoted to accumulation and transportation of hydrogen by binding it into the form of hydrides of certain metals and alloys (metal hydride technology) or unsaturated organic compounds, followed by dehydrogenation in order to obtain pure hydrogen to power an internal combustion engine or fuel cells. Some technologies for obtaining hydrogen on-board are also considered. It is shown that despite the abundance of on-board storage and transportation technologies, the most proven one is the hydrogen compression technology.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The modern diesel engine is one of the most perfect and advanced heat engines, and its energy efficiency increase potential is far from exhausted. However, increasingly stringent environmental and economic requirements for transport powertrains are forcing designers and developers to look for new and improve traditional ways to increase efficiency parameters. First of all, the possibility of improving the engine working process, fuel and air supply, reducing mechanical losses, as well as introduction of electrification and exhaust gas heat utilization are being considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of maintaining modern diesel engine competitiveness in the coming years under the conditions of rapid development of alternative powertrains, reducing explored oil reserves and continuously increasing social concerns about environment protection issues.

The purpose of the study is to analyze and classify the main methods to increase energy efficiency of modern high-speed transport diesel engines.

Methodology and research methods. The study uses an analytical research method based on materials published in the open press.

Scientific novelty and results. The study shows key ways to increase energy efficiency of high-power diesel engines for transport purposes in a systematized form. It also contains an assessment of potential impact of individual methods on specific efficiency parameters of diesel engines.

Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in refinement of existing, and design of advanced, high-power and high-speed diesel engines.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). One of the most important operational properties influencing the vehicle driving safety is braking efficiency, indicators of which include the maximum mean fully developed deceleration and braking distance, and for a pneumatic brake drive, rapid response time is also regulated. In the context of digital transformation of the automotive industry, one of the relevant tasks is to create digital twins for different processes within the driver – vehicle – road – environment system. However, generalized model for calculation of the pneumatic brake system response time taking into account the driver’s biomechanics, as well as the characteristics of the brake valve and brake chamber, is not available in the public domain.

The purpose of the research is experimental confirmation of the pneumatic drive response time calculation procedure known from pneumatic automation and adapted for the brake system of cargo vehicles, including special-purpose road trains.

Methodology and research methods. Empirical method, bench testing method, iterative prediction method, and experimental results analysis were used in this research.

Scientific novelty and results. Experimental data were obtained that will make it possible to specify the understanding of the driver’s foot biomechanics on the brake pedal, the characteristics of the brake valve and brake chambers, as well as the values on the pressure functions diagram.

Practical significance. The results of the conducted research can be applied in design calculations of the brake system, as well as for assessment of braking efficiency of the vehicles in operation without the use of expensive computer programs. The developed procedure is adapted for various standard sizes of the brake mechanisms.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Driverless vehicles (DV) have now become actively used in order to solve transport and technological issues in the national economy, scientific research, rescue and salvage operations, etc. The important requirement for the DV is ensuring their reliability during operation. Fatigue life values of the load-bearing structural elements are one of the main characteristics of design reliability; the weight of the load-bearing elements also influences the DV performance values, and reducing it will allow an increase in the energy efficiency of their use. One of the main structural methods for increasing fatigue life is to reduce the effective concentration coefficient in risk areas of the design. Another approach may be to ensure a more uniform distribution of loads between the load-bearing elements.

The purpose of the paper is to study the influence of compliance of the vehicle load-bearing system on its fatigue life in the set driving mode.

Methodology and research methods. The article presents the approaches related to the use of connected body dynamics programs in order to obtain loads on the load-bearing system in the time domain, a methodology for simulation results processing based on the mathematical statistics and probability theory methods, and calculations of the load-bearing system durability in a multi-cycle domain. The finite element method was used to calculate the stress-strain state of the load-bearing system, and a dynamic model created using the program for connected bodies dynamics simulation was used to calculate the parameters of loading modes.

Scientific novelty and results. The paper presents the results of the DV driving simulation for two options of the load-bearing system compliance and the analysis of the obtained results. The fatigue strength values obtained for the rigid and compliant load-bearing systems were determined, and their analysis was carried out.

Practical significance. The obtained results can be used when creating high-loaded elements of wheeled vehicles.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The growing global demand for electrified vehicles (EV) due to an increase in specific performance, state subsidies and lithium-ion batteries cost reduction has influenced the widespread use of electrified transport. Taking into account a number of advantages of EVs over vehicles with conventional powertrains, they have a significant disadvantage in the form of a phenomenon known as thermal runaway. Thermal runaway of a lithium-ion cell is an irreversible process caused by chemical reactions inside the cell and accompanied by generation of a large amount of heat. Therefore, thermal runaway is a serious vehicle safety issue, which requires a comprehensive approach to address.

The purpose of the study is to analyze possible causes of occurrence of thermal runaway of lithiumion cells used in EVs and to describe the methods of its prevention in series-produced EVs applied by manufacturers.

Methodology and research methods. Methods of engineering analysis, systematization and synthesis have been applied in the article.

Scientific novelty and results. The paper considers the main types of lithium-ion cells applied in EV highvoltage batteries, analyzes and describes the main causes of thermal runaway. Options for counteracting thermal runaway and reducing its consequences have been considered.

The practical significance consists in consideration of thermal runaway as a major phenomenon strongly influencing vehicle safety and in search for countermeasures in order to reduce the risk of EV fire or inflammation. The results may be used in development of modern lithium-ion batteries.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The relevance of the study is determined by mass switching to electric transport and lack of the proven durability evaluation methodologies for its transmissions operating under alternating loads due to regenerative braking. The existing approaches that do not take the specifics into account may lead to unreasonable overestimate of durability.

The purpose of the study is to develop a procedure of evaluation of remaining life of electric buses’ electromechanical transmission toothed gears, which considers influence of alternating loads due to regenerative braking, and to quantify this influence.

Methodology and research methods. Based on the data registered by an electronic unit for wireless message transmission using the Controller Area Network protocol (CAN messages) of an electric bus under real-life operating conditions, the load spectrum is generated with the use of the random loading process schematization algorithm according to the rainflow counting method in the KISSsoft software suite. The fatigue life is calculated according to ISO 6336 with introduction of the mean cycle stress influence coefficient Y_M. A comparative analysis of calculation results is performed for cases of full and one-sided loading.

Scientific novelty and results. It has been found that taking into account regeneration leads to decrease in safety margin in terms of bending fatigue by 42.2%. Scientific novelty consists in determined quantitative correlation between the share of regenerative energy 41.6% and decrease in safety margin, as well as in the suggested developed complex procedure.

Practical significance. The results of the study allow correct evaluation of electric buses’ transmissions durability at the design stage, which increases their reliability. The procedure can be used by vehicle and component manufacturers.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). This study places emphasis on vehicles with automation level 3, where the driver retains the crucial role in driving and bears responsibility for decisionmaking. The article considers the concept of intelligent communication with the driver with application of visual assistance systems integrated with ADAS systems. The authors offer the concept of the visual assistance system, which dynamically adjusts to the driver’s state and road conditions prioritizing the crucial signals and proving “smooth” control transfer in the conditions of partial automation.

The purpose of the study is to develop the concept of adaptive information and interface system for vehicles with automation levels 0–3 capable to provide displaying of information which is timely, relevant and not burdening the driver as well as to form recommendations for integration of such system into the modern ADAS and AR-HUD solutions.

Methodology and research methods. The comprehensive approach, which allows considering the humanmachine interaction as a complex dynamic system is used in the paper. The methods of regulatory document analysis, cognitive engineering, comparative (benchmarking) analysis of industrial solutions and functional and structural modelling are additionally applied.

Scientific novelty and results. The driver’s cognitive load and the issues connected with overestimation of possibilities of the automated systems than can lead to reduced situational awareness and slow reaction in emergency situations were analyzed. The modern approaches to improvement of situational awareness and constraints, including the risk of information overload and dependence on touch systems and network infrastructure are being discussed. The methods of forming the information base for the system uniting the data of vehicle sensors, infrastructure communications and cloud services as well as intelligent algorithms of adaptive information displaying were considered.

Practical significance. The obtained results can be used when designing the HUD/AR-HUD interfaces and warning algorithms in the level L3 ADAS systems. They can also serve as the basis for development of industry standards and improvement of the human-machine interaction ergonomics.