Introduction (problem statement and relevance). A promising area for decreasing the costs for new products release is application of computer simulation in order to check new designs under operation conditions. This area allows evaluation of efficiency of new design solutions with reduction of the field tests quantity.
The purpose of the study is to develop tools for evaluation of intensity of fatigue damage accumulation of load-bearing structures of a mine dump truck body with application of computer simulation of operational loading modes.
Methodology and research methods. The paper describes the procedure developed for evaluation of intensity of fatigue damage accumulation in the load-bearing structure of a mine dump truck body with application of computer simulation methods including dynamic simulation, discrete element modeling and finite element modeling.
Scientific novelty and results. The developed procedure underwent validation studies, based on the results of which the fatigue damage accumulation rates were obtained. It has been concluded that the examined procedure allows obtaining consistent results in the field of fatigue damage of the platform load-bearing structure.
Practical significance. The developed procedure allows reduction of financial and time expenditures in development of new load-bearing structures of mine dump truck bodies by reducing pre-series prototyping of actual models and approbation of the proposed solutions.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). For heavy trucks, the suspension plays a key role in ensuring the vehicle strength, stability and comfort. The choice of leaf spring material remains a big issue directly affecting the suspension performance and service life. The HOWO trucks are one of the most popular types of cargo vehicles in Vietnam, that is why studying and improving the suspension system of these vehicles have not only scientific but also practical importance contributing to increase in quality of transportation and road traffic safety.
The purpose of the study is analysis and comparison of strength of the leaf springs manufactured of steel and E-glass fibre using the finite element method (FEM). Simulation and evaluation of the vibration characteristics of the double (elliptic) leaf spring suspension system within the HOWO cargo vehicle. Proposal of an optimal solution for the leaf spring material selection aimed to improve comfort and strength of the suspension system.
Methodology and research methods. Use of Matlab Simulink to create the leaf spring suspension system model, as well as to study the characteristics of oscillation and damping capability of the system. Simulation for comparison between steel leaf springs and E-glass (glass fiber) leaf springs by the following criteria: tension, deformation and damping capability.
Scientific novelty and results. The FEM results show that the E-glass leaf springs have a lower level of tension compared to the steel ones, which may extend the leaf spring service life. The E-glass fibre has more effective damping capability, especially under the conditions of high loads, which allows for better comfort maintenance. Using the E-glass fibre for leaf springs of cargo vehicles is a new step ensuring balance between strength and comfort, which has not been yet fully assimilated in the automobile industry of Vietnam.
Practical significance. Using the E-glass leaf springs may lead to decrease in maintenance costs, vehicle service life extension and driver comfort improvement. The improved suspension system not only contributes to more stable vehicle operation, but also decreases the risk of accidents due to loss of control when transporting heavy cargoes. This study opens the way to application of advanced materials and simulation technologies in the automobile industry of Vietnam encouraging studies and development of domestic products.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Driving axle body (housing) parts take loads from the road and sprung parts. Their failure leads to emergency risk, therefore the load-bearing structure shall be carefully checked, especially regarding strength properties. Current requirements and regulations regarding tests and calculation research of driving axles stipulate and regulate minimum requirements for static strength, however a lot of automobile manufacturers go beyond the minimum requirements.
The purpose of the study is forming the method of static strength design safety factor calculation estimation based on actual (field) testing.
Methodology and research methods. According to the purpose and objectives of the study, the following methods were assigned: the method of actual (field) testing; the methods of schematisation; the statistical data processing methods; the damageability and pseudo-damageability assessment methods; the procedure of constructing the fatigue curve.
Scientific novelty and results. The results are formulated as a description of the study that has been carried out and numerical estimate of the static strength design safety factor based on actual (field) testing using force measuring wheels through the example of KAMAZ 63934 study. The scientific novelty consists in the procedure of backward calculation of the static strength design safety factor.
Practical significance is reflected in the form of the test program, overload factor tables, description of data processing for calculation estimation of the static strength design safety factor. The obtained data can be useful and applicable by engineers and researchers in project design activities when developing running gear elements for trucks and when setting requirements for their durability.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). An actual problems in the modern cargo vehicles development are the synthesis and design of cabins suspension systems in such a way as to provide a necessary high comfort level and requirements for allowable vibration levels and load on the driver and passengers. Spring elements are more often used in the domestic trucks cabin suspensions and pneumatic air-balloons with rubber-cord shells in most foreign ones. Modern researches, especially in the field of cabin damping controlled suspension systems, determines the requirements for the load characteristics synthesis that provide the best comfort and vibration load in vehicle cabins. Therefore, the pneumatic air-balloon model development as a tool for synthesizing the required load characteristics of vehicle cabin suspensions becomes an actual challenge.
The purpose of the study – a new method for synthesizing the required vehicle cabin suspension systems nonlinear progressive load characteristics development.
Methodology and research methods. A pneumatic air-balloon with a rubber-cord shell and a profiled piston shape mathematical model is based on the well-known rubber-chord shells theory, supplemented by its device piston profile design features. The developed model using results transformation into a graphical representation is carried out using 3D-modeling software tools. Experimental studies of the synthesis method are carried out using simulation methods in the Multi-Body Dynamics system.
Scientific novelty and results. The developed synthesis method makes it possible to form the nonlinear spring characteristics that provide near-zero stiffness in positions near static equilibrium position, progressively increasing and decreasing during compression and rebound strokes respectively, for vehicle cabin suspension systems.
Practical significance. The developed model makes it possible to form the piston profile geometry of the pneumatic air-balloon with a rubber-cord shell that provides required from the comfort point of view cargo vehicle cabin suspension system load characteristics creation.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Nowadays, automobile or road transport is one of the major sources of environmental pollution. Internal combustion engine (ICE) exhaust gases contain ca. 200 different components, most of which are toxic. Their stay time lasts from 2–3 minutes to 4–5 years. Improving the energy efficiency of vehicles is an important part of the world’s challenge to globally reduce the human impact on climate change. As a permanent member of different international organizations, the Russian Federation directly participates in relevant international agreements and treaties.
The purpose of the study is detailed analysis and critical assessment of existing variants of approaches to extend the cruising range of electrified vehicles (EV) without any use of any stationary charging infrastructure, as well as studying different stimulation mechanisms for electric and hybrid vehicles (HV) purchase, both financial direct ones (benefits and subsidies for purchase) and indirect ones (free parking, free passage on toll roads), as well as non-financial ones giving certain preferences during EV and HV operation.
Methodology and research methods used in the scientific paper are based on fundamentals of the vehicle theory, methods of engineering analysis.
Scientific novelty and results. The development of EVs and HVs has been analyzed. Various mechanisms to stimulate purchasing of EVs and HVs have been investigated. The technical and economic (feasibility) assessment of different types of vehicles is shown.
The practical significance consists in the results of the scientifically based critical assessment of the existing approaches to EV range extension. The obtained results and recommendations are aimed at promoting and popularization of EVs and HVs in the Russian Federation.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Increasing the efficiency of transmission and vehicle on the whole remains the relevant objective in the modern automotive industry. One of the ways to solve these tasks can be application of two-loop transmissions with variator in vehicle and electric vehicle transmissions. The two-loop transmissions with variator have a number of characteristic kinematic properties, which are potentially applicable and partially implemented on series units. Application of such transmissions, along with using them within internal combustion engine vehicle propulsion, can be useful in hybrid powertrain vehicle transmissions, which design is subject to the requirements on implementation of matching power paths or flows from the energy sources.
The purpose of the study is analyzing the kinematic or gearing diagrams of the two-loop transmissions, which are used or potentially applicable in the modern vehicle designs. The obtained data on kinematic and load-bearing characteristics will allow comparative assessment of the described designs and obtaining main interrelations of the target parameters with the design features of the transmissions being designed.
Methodology and research methods. A software product is developed that allows obtaining a wide range of transmission characteristics based on the input design parameters, overall dimensions, loads, as well as determining characteristics of the variator used in the two-loop transmissions. The diagrams of dependences given in the paper are graphed on the basis of the data published by the developers of the units, for which the math model contains performed calculation of the main characteristics presented in the form of dimensionless diagrams and intended for visual comparing and determining the main interrelations of the values being simulated.
Scientific novelty and results. Based on the dependencies obtained for two-loop transmissions, the basic interrelations have been formulated allowing to a first approximation to conduct the comparative analysis and monitor the factors causing different useful and negative effects. The results obtained can be used for initial assessment of applicability of the units with similar kinematic diagrams, as well as for illustration of their operation principles. A comparative analysis of the described designs has been conducted in terms of a number of design, kinematic, and load-bearing parameters.
Practical significance. Studies in the field of design of two-loop transmissions with variator can serve as a basis for development of algorithms and software for automated design and calculation of such transmissions, which will significantly reduce the development costs and allow determination of multifactor dependences to ensure efficiency of modern vehicles. The obtained data on characteristics of a number of principal diagrams of two-loop transmissions with variator allow evaluation of effect of their application compared to single-loop transmissions in terms of ensuring the required range, efficiency, kinematic capabilities, and ensuring typical operating modes of transmissions compared to the singleloop transmissions.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The given article describes the identification method based on dynamic response of the motorcycle load-bearing structure when driving over individual roughnesses installed on the bench dynamometric rollers and assessment of the load-bearing structure loading for subsequent fatigue durability testing mode creation. The assessment shall be performed based on the analysis of the recorded accelerations occurring on the sprung and non-sprung weights, as well as forces and deformation occurring on the suspension elastic elements.
The purpose of the study. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of loading of the motorcycle load-bearing structure when driving over individual roughnesses on the dynamometric roller bench to determine the loading level on the bench, comparing it with the loading levels when driving the motorcycle along the proving ground roads and developing procedures for bench testing.
Methodology and research methods. Methods of statistical analysis, random process schematisation, and frequency response function analysis have been used.
Scientific novelty and results. Vertical accelerations occurring on the sprung and non-sprung weights have been determined, on the basis of which the loading of the motorcycle load-bearing structure is assessed. As a result of the research, the results of the motorcycle loading within the bench environment and when driving the motorcycle along the roads with special surfacing were compared to create a test mode.
Practical significance. Assessment of impact of individual roughnesses on loading of the motorcycle load-bearing structure on the dynamometric roller bench in FSUE “NAMI”. Creating the methodology for testing motorised vehicles (four-wheelers, motorcycles, mopeds, scooters, tricycles, quadricycles).

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). For regions with cold climates, the cruising range of electric buses becomes a serious obstacle to expanding the use of this type of transport. Increased energy consumption affects not only the autonomous cruising range, but also the battery life, fleet operation timetable and charging infrastructure loading. In this regard, the search for the ways to reduce the HVAC system energy consumption is a relevant task.
The purpose of the study is to determine the energy consumption for heating the cabin and passenger compartment of the electric bus during the autumn and winter period of operation in the Moscow region as well as search and analysis of the ways to reduce this consumption.
Methodology and research methods. In order to determine the air temperature in the passenger compartment, the mathematical model was used based on the heat balance equations and validated following the field tests results. The research was performed according to the GOST R 53828-2010 requirements.
Scientific novelty and results. The test results are given in terms of determination of the microclimate parameters and energy consumption for passenger compartment heating in case of different driving modes. The heat losses ratio through different leak paths was determined by means of the mathematical model. A comparison of energy consumption for the HVAC operation when using different energy consumption reduction methods is given. 
Practical significance. The results of this study can be used to improve the energy performance of electric passenger transport.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Considering the significant distances between settlements and underdeveloped infrastructure for widespread exploitation of pure electric vehicles, the application of hybrid vehicles (HVs) in the Russian Federation is considered justified and allows using them flexibly as an alternative to the vehicles with conventional powertrains and pure electric vehicles. The task of saving energy recourses, especially non-renewable ones, provided that the necessary transport operations are completed, is relevant for vehicles with all types of powertrains.
The purpose of the study is to develop a method for finding a rational control strategy for a parallel and serial-parallel types of hybrid powertrains (HP) in the specified driving cycle: an energy efficiency criterion, approach to selection of variable parameters, and optimization sequence have been offered. Methodology and research methods. Numerical methods of research have been applied. The driving process of the Toyota Prius ZVW52 vehicle under WLTC driving cycle conditions is reviewed as an example, for which the hybrid powertrain (HP) characteristics mathematical models were developed by calculation.
The results and scientific novelty are that the proposed method allows reducing the computational complexity of the objective of HV units rational control within the assigned driving cycle in relation to the known approaches by combining the same-type driving modes into groups, excluding non-implementable and non-rational operating points from the possible system states along with subsequent application of multi-parametric optimization to the remaining number of states.
Practical significance. The method developed can be applied to improve the parallel and serial-parallel type HV control algorithms in order to achieve the maximum joint efficiency of the internal combustion engine and electric drive under driving cycles conditions as well as under real driving conditions.

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). As a working medium, compressed air has become widespread in pneumatic system gears of ground vehicles, including brake systems of trucks and buses, due to its high operational properties. Climatic stability of pneumatic systems ensures stability of operational characteristics in case of temperature fluctuations. Compressed air is particularly used in brake systems of trucks and buses due to its safety, availability and economic efficiency. However, there are problems related to high concentration of in-air moisture that may get inside the pneumatic system and lead to condensation and corrosion of the pneumatic system parts, and in winter time – to its freezing. This, in turn, may lead to failures of equipment of brake system components, as well as emergencies with ground vehicles.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the main modern methods of compressed air dehumidification applied in pneumatic systems of ground vehicles, evaluate their efficiency level and propose the most rational dehumidification method for compressed air within pneumatic brake systems of ground vehicles.
Methodology and research methods. The study used the method of system analysis of Russian and foreign research on dehumidification of compressed air within pneumatic systems of ground vehicles.
Study results. The paper proposes an innovative approach to the compressed air dehumidification process within pneumatic systems of ground vehicles by integrating and optimizing various modern methods of compressed air dehumidification for ground vehicles.
Practical significance. The main failures of pneumatic systems of ground vehicles caused by moisture in them have been summarized, a number of key aspects contributing to the operation improvement of pneumatic systems of ground vehicles have been provided.